Harvard University (Cambridge, MA)
The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria consists of an inner (IM) and an outer membrane (OM) separated by an aqueous space, the periplasm, containing the peptidoglycan cell wall. The OM is asymmetric, with phospholipids in its inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its outer leaflet. LPS plays a crucial role in the OM’s barrier function and is essential for survival in most gram-negative bacteria, but until recently little was known about its transport to the OM. Our lab studies the LPS transport pathway, providing insight into the unique process of OM biogenesis and uncovering potential targets for novel antibiotics, which are urgently needed to address the burgeoning global health threat posed by antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
2008 Fellow, Harvard College Program for Research in Science and Engineering
2008 Herschel Smith Summer Undergraduate Research Fellow
2006 Summer Intern, Center for Clinical Immunology at Stanford

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Charles Liu, Daniel E. Kahne
Charles Liu, Dean W. Felsher